tugas bahasa inggris

Nama   : FERA LUFHIDARANI PRANITA

Kelas   : 3 EB 23

NPM    : 22210722

Promotion is a form of corporate communication that uses various methods to reach a targeted audience with a certain message in order to achieve specific organizational objectives. Nearly all organizations, whether for-profit or not-for-profit, in all types of industries, must engage in some form of promotion. Such efforts may range from multinational firms spending large sums on securing high-profile celebrities to serve as corporate spokespersons to the owner of a one-person enterprise passing out business cards at a local businessperson’s meeting.

Like most marketing decisions, an effective promotional strategy requires the marketer understand how promotion fits with other pieces of the marketing puzzle (e.g., product, distribution, pricing, target markets). Consequently, promotion decisions should be made with an appreciation for how it affects other areas of the company. For instance, running a major advertising campaign for a new product without first assuring there will be enough inventory to meet potential demand generated by the advertising would certainly not go over well with the company’s production department (not to mention other key company executives). Thus, marketers should not work in a vacuum when making promotion decisions. Rather, the overall success of a promotional strategy requires input from others in impacted functional areas.

In addition to coordinating general promotion decisions with other business areas, individual promotions must also work together. Under the concept of Integrated Marketing Communication marketers attempt to develop a unified promotional strategy involving the coordination of many different types of promotional techniques. The key idea for the marketer who employs several promotional options (we’ll discuss potential options later in this tutorial) to reach objectives for the product is to employ a consistent message across all options. For instance, salespeople will discuss the same benefits of a product as mentioned in television advertisements. In this way no matter how customers are exposed to a marketer’s promotional efforts they all receive the same information.

Sales promotion is one of the seven aspects of the promotional mix. (The other six parts of the promotional mix are advertising, personal selling, direct marketing, publicity/public relations, corporate image and exhibitions.) Media and non-media marketing communication are employed for a pre-determined, limited time to increase consumer demand, stimulate market demand or improve product availability. Examples include contests, coupons, freebies, loss leaders, point of purchase displays, premiums, prizes, product samples, and rebates

Sales promotions can be directed at either the customer, sales staff, or distribution channel members (such as retailers). Sales promotions targeted at the consumer are called consumer sales promotions. Sales promotions targeted at retailers and wholesale are called trade sales promotions. Some sale promotions, particularly ones with unusual methods, are considered gimmicks by many.

Sales promotion includes several communications activities that attempt to provide added value or incentives to consumers, wholesalers, retailers, or other organizational customers to stimulate immediate sales. These efforts can attempt to stimulate product interest, trial, or purchase. Examples of devices used in sales promotion include coupons, samples, premiums, point-of-purchase (POP) displays, contests, rebates, and sweepstakes

Promotion includes all activities designed to inform, persuade and influence people when they are making the decision to buy. Promotion is made up of:

Advertising

a.        non-personal communication transmitted through mass media

Publicity

b.      free promotion through news stories in newsletters, newspapers, magazines and television

Sales Promotion

all forms of communication not found in advertising and personal selling, including direct mail, coupons, volume discounts, sampling, rebates, demonstrations, exhibits, sweepstakes, trade allowances, samples and point-ofpurchase displays In designing a promotional plan, clearly spell out:

 Which objectives to use. It is possible to have more than one objective, but it is recommended that a company target its audience or run the risk of losing focus.

 What to say

 Who to say it to

 Criteria used to measure success

Suggestions for Inexpensive Promotion

Some inexpensive, appropriate and effective methods of promotion for the new food processor include advertising through:

1.      Personal selling

2.      Product demonstrations

3.       Direct mail

4.      Business cards

5.      Yellow Page listing

6.      Seminars

7.      Newsletters

8.      Contests

9.       Flyers

10.  Statement stuffers

11.  Window banners

12.  Greeting cards

13.  Sports team sponsor

14.   Home parties

15.  Ethnic services—languages spoken

Of course, one of the best free methods of promotion is good “word of mouth."

Promotion Objectives

The promotion objectives need to be clearly stated and measurable. They must be compatible with the objectives of the company, as well as the competitive and marketing strategies. Objectives vary for different products and different situations. For example, producers must promote differently to brokers than to wholesalers. When promoting to a broker, the producer must promote what he/she wishes the broker to present to the wholesaler. When promoting to a wholesaler, the producer simply wants the wholesaler

Promotional Strategy

Once the producer has reviewed all the possible promotional tools, he/she must devise a promotional strategy. A

promotional strategy should address the following issues:

a.       What is the goal of the promotion?

b.       What types of promotion should be used?

c.       What effect should the promotion have on the customer?

d.      Which promotion is working?

e.        Which promotion is not working?

f.       What are the costs of the promotion compared to the benefits?

Promotions are for people who give the extra amount of work. They consider the company’s needs almost above their own to the extent possible. A person who shows maturity and loyalty to the company is always noticed. So is an employee who provides a constant seamless quality of work.

Kinds Of Promotion

Marketers have at their disposal  four major methods of promotion. Taken together these comprise the promotion  mix. In this section a basic definition of each method is offered while in the  next section a comparison of each method based on the characteristics of  promotion is presented. 

 

a. Advertising

Involves non-personal; mostly paid promotions  often using mass media outlets to deliver the marketer’s message. While  historically Sales promotion is designed to be used as a short-term tactic to boost sales, the  advent of computer technology and, in particular, the Internet has increased  the options that allow customers to provide quick feedback.  

b. Public Relations and Sponsorship

Also referred to as publicity, this type  of promotion uses third-party sources, and particularly the news media, to  offer a favorable mention of the marketer’s company or product without direct  payment to the publisher of the information.

c. Personal Selling

As the name implies, this form of  promotion involves personal contact between company representatives and those  who have a role in purchase decisions (e.g., make the decision, such as  consumers, or have an influence on a decision, such as members of a company  buying center). Often this occurs face-to-face or via telephone, though newer  technologies allow this to occur online via video conferencing or text chat.

d.  Sales Promotion

Involves the use of special short-term  techniques, often in the form of incentives, to encourage customers to respond  or undertake some activity. For instance, the use of retail coupons with  expiration dates requires customers to act while the incentive is still valid.

e. Direct marketing

A channel-agnostic form of advertising that allows businesses and nonprofits organizations to communicate straight to the customer, with advertising techniques that can include Cell Phone Text messaging, email, interactive consumer websites, online display ads, fliers, catalog distribution, promotional letters, and outdoor advertising.

Direct marketing messages emphasize a focus on the customer, data, and accountability. Characteristics that distinguish direct marketing are:

A.     Marketing messages are addressed directly to the customer and/or customers. Direct marketing relies on being able to address the members of a target market. Addressability comes in a variety of forms including email addresses, mobile phone numbers, Web browser cookies, fax numbers and postal addresses.

B.     Direct marketing seeks to drive a specific "call to action." For example, an advertisement may ask the prospect to call a free phone number or click on a link to a website.

C.     Direct marketing emphasizes trackable, measurable responses from customers — regardless of medium.

Why Do We Need Promotion ?

Promotion is benefit for customer, activities have a variety of aims:

1.       To inform current and potential customers about the existence of products

2. To explain the potential benefits of using the product
3. To persuade customers to buy the product
4. To help differentiate a product from the competition
5. To develop and sustain a brand
6. To reassure customers that they have made the right choice

Present Tense

1.            Promotion is a form of corporate communication that uses various methods

2.            Sales promotion is one of the seven aspects of the promotional mix

3.            Promotions are for people who give the extra amount of work

4.            Addressability comes in a variety of forms including email addresses

5.            Direct marketing seeks to drive a specific "call to action."

6.            This type  of promotion uses third-party sources

7.            Promotions are for people who give the extra amount of work

8.            Promotion is benefit for customer

9.            Promotion is good “word of mouth."

10.        So is an employee who provides a constant seamless quality of work.

Past Tense

1.            Sales promotion can be directed at either the customer

2.         Media and non-media marketing communication employed for a pre-determined

3.            Examples of devices used in sales promotion include coupons

4.         Sales promotions targeted at retailers and wholesale are called trade sales promotionsnon-personal communication transmitted through mass media

5.            Marketing messages addressed directly to the customer and/or customers.

6.            Sales promotion designed to be used as a short-term tactic to boost sales,

7.            Once the producer reviewed all the possible promotional tools

8.            Promotion includes all activities designed to inform

9.            In this way no matter how customers exposed to a marketer’s

10.        In this section a basic definition of each method offered while in the  next section

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Hukum perdata

Hukum perdata adalah hukum yang mengatur hubungan antar perorangan didalam masyarakat. Hukum perdata dibedakan menjadi dua, yaitu hukum perdata material dan hukum perdata formal.

a.      Hukum perdata material adalah  hukum yang memuat segala peraturan yang mengatur hubungan antar perseorangan didalam masyarakat dan kepentingan dari masing-masing orang yang bersangkutan.

b.      Hukum perdata formal adalah hukum yang memuat segala peraturan yang mengatur bagaimana caranya melaksanakan praktek di lingkungan pengadilan perdata.

Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Perdata (KUH Perdata) yang dikenal dengan istilah Bugerlijk Wetboek (BW) adalah kodifikasi hukum perdata yang disusun di negeri Belanda. Penyusunan tersebut sangat dipengaruhi oleh Hukum Perdata Prancis (Code Napoleon). Code Napoleon sendiri disusun berdasarkan hukum Romawi (Corpus Juris Civilis) yang pada waktu itu dianggap sebagai hukum yang paling sempurna.

Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Perdata (BW) Indonesia terdiri dari empat buku sebagai berikut :

Buku I, yang berjudul ”perihal orang” (van persoonen), memuat hukum perorangan dan hukum kekeluargaan.

Buku II, yang berjudul ”perihal benda” (van zaken), memuat hukum benda dan hukum waris.

 Buku III, yang berjudul ”perihal perikatan” (van verbintennisen), memuat hukum harta kekayaan yang berhubungan dengan hak dan kewajiban yang berlaku bagi orang-orang atau pihak-pihak tertentu.

Buku IV, yang berjudul ”perihal pembuktian dan kadaluarsa” (van bewijs en verjaring), memuat perihal alat-alat pembuktian dan akibat-akibat lewat waktu terhadap hubungan-hubungan hukum.

Hukum pidana

Pengertian dari hukum pidana adalah serangkaian kaidah hukum tertulis yang mengatur tentang perbuatan-perbuatan yang dilarang atau tidak boleh dilakukan dengan adanya ancaman sanksi tertentu. Hukum pidana merupakan hubungan hukum antara seseorang anggota masyarakat dengan negara yang menguasai tata tertib masyarakat tersebut.
Pelanggaran terhadap hukum pidana pada umumnya segera diambil tindakan oleh pengadilan tanpa harus adanya pengaduan dari pihak yang merasa dirugikan. Setelah terjadi pelanggaran terhadap hukum pidana, maka alat-alat perlengkapan seperti polisi, jaksa dan hakim yang dapat segera bertindak.

Hukum perjanjian

Hukum perjanjian adalah suatu perbuatan dengan mana satu orang atau lebih mengikatkan dirinya terhadap satu orang lain atau lebih

Macam – Macam Perjanjian
1). Perjanjian dengan Cuma-Cuma dan perjanjian dengan beban
2). Perjanjian sepihak dan perjanjian timbal balik
3). Perjanjian konsensuil, formal dan, riil
4). Perjanjian bernama, tidak bernama dan, campuran
Syarat sahnya perjanjian
Menurut Pasal 1320 Kitab Undang Undang Hukum Perdata, sahnya perjanjian harus memenuhi empat syarat yaitu :
1. Sepakat untuk mengikatkan diri
2. Kecakapan untuk membuat suatu perjanjian.
3. Suatu hal tertentu
4. Sebab yang halal

Pembatalan Perjanjian
Suatu perjanjian dapat dibatalkan oleh salah satu pihak yang membuat perjanjian ataupun batal demi hukum. Perjanjian yang dibatalkan oleh salah satu pihak biasanya terjadi karena;
1. Adanya suatu pelanggaran dan pelanggaran tersebut tidak diperbaiki dalam jangka waktu yang ditentukan atau tidak dapat diperbaiki.
2. Pihak pertama melihat adanya kemungkinan pihak kedua mengalami kebangkrutan atau secara financial tidak dapat memenuhi kewajibannya.
3. Terkait resolusi atau perintah pengadilan
4. Terlibat Hukum
5. Tidak lagi memiliki lisensi, kecakapan, atau wewenang dalam melaksanakan perjanjian

Hukum dagang

Hukum dagang ialah hukum yang mengatur tingkah laku manusia yang turut melakukan perdagangan untuk memperoleh keuntungan . atau hukum yang mengatur hubungan hukum antara manusia dan badan-badan hukum satu sama lainnya dalam lapangan perdagangan

Hukum Dagang Indonesia terutama bersumber pada :

1.      Hukum tertulis yang dikofifikasikan :

Ø  Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Dagang (KUHD) atau Wetboek van Koophandel Indonesia (W.v.K)

Ø  Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Sipil (KUHS) atau Burgerlijk Wetboek Indonesia (BW)

2.      Hukum tertulis yang belum dikodifikasikan, yaitu peraturan perundangan khusus yang mengatur tentang hal-hal yang berhubungan dengan perdagangan (C.S.T. Kansil, 1985 : 7).
Sifat hukum dagang yang merupakan perjanjian yang mengikat pihak-pihak yang mengadakan perjanjian.

Sumber :

1.      Neltje f. Katuuk, aspek hukum dalam bisnis, sri diktat kuliah, cetakan pertama, 1994

2.      http://rismaeka.wordpress.com/2012/03/25/hukum-dagang/

3.      http://studihukum.wordpress.com/2008/11/11/hukum-perdata-2/

Aspek hukum dalam ekonomi

Nama : FERA LUFHIDARANI PRANITA
NPM : 22210722
Kelas : 2 EB 23


I. Pengertian hukum dan hukum ekonomi
• Pengetian hukum
Hukum adalah peraturan tertulis maupun tidak tertulis yang berlaku dimasyarakat dan biasanya hukum yang berlaku di iringi oleh sangsi bagi yang melanggarnya.
a. Hukum tertulis adalah peraturan yang sengaja dibuat oleh pemerintah dan sudah dicantumkan didalam perundang – undangan seperti UUD ‘45
b. Hukum tidak tertulis adalah peraturan turun menurun yang sengaja dibuat dan harus dipatuhi oleh masyarakat apabila tidak dipatuhi akan mendapatkan guncingan atau dijauhi
• Tujuan hukum
Tujuan hukum di negara dan di Indonesia adalah untuk menata dan sebagai pengontrol masyarakat untuk mungurangi tingkat kejahatan, oleh sebab itu hukum yang baik adalah hukum yang berjalan tidak pilih kasih, yang melakukan tindak kejahatan hendaklah diberi sangsi sepadan dengan apa yang dilakukannya, baik kejahatan perdata maupun perdana.
• Kaidah atau norma
Norma adalah suatu nilai yang memberikan landasan bagi manusia untuk hidup bermasyarakat, berbangsa dan bernegara.
Norma sangatlah penting karna suatu negara dikatakan berhukum baik bilamana masyarakatnya bernorma moral baik.
• Pengertian hukum ekonomi
Hukum ekonomi adalah suatu hubungan yang berkaitan tentang cara atau pemikiran ekonomi yang terjadi di kehidupan masyarakat sehari – hari.
Hukum ekonomi ada 2 yaitu
a. Hukum ekonomi pembangunan
Hukum ekonomi pembangunan adalah pemikiran hukum mengenai cara – cara peningkatan atau pembangunan perekonomian Indonesia.
b. Hukum ekonomi sosial
Hukum ekonomi sosial adalah pemikiran hukum mengenai cara – cara pembagian hasil pembangunan ekonomi secara adil dan merata di Indonesia.
II. Subyek dan obyek hukum
• Subyek hukum
a. Manusia
Manusia sejak didalam kandungan sudah memperoleh perlindungan hukum baik hukum tertulis ( pasal 28A sampai pasal 28J ) maupun tida tertulis.
Contohnya :
 Bagi wanita yang membunuh darah dagingnya saat didalam kandungan akan memperoleh sangsi hukum tertulis seperti dipenjara akibat pembunuhan dan sangsi tidak tertulis seperti diguncingkan oleh warga sekitar.
 Saat terlahir diduniapun mendapatkan perlindungan hukum seperti HAM ( hak asasi manusia ), perlindungan anak, perlindungan wanita, dan lain – lain.
b. Badan usaha
Badan usaha adalah suatu badan yang terdiri dari kumpulan orang yang diberi status "persoon" oleh hukum sehingga mempunyai hak dann kewajiban.
Badan usaha juga memperoleh perlindunga hukum seperti perlindungan hak cipta atas usahanya ( hak paten ).
• Obyek hukum
Obyek hukum ialah segala sesuatu yang dapat menjadi hak dari subyek hukum. Merujuk pada KUHPerdata, benda adalah tiap-tiap barang atau tiap-tiap hak yang dapat dikuasai oleh hak milik.
a. Benda bergerak
- bergerak sendiri, contoh : hewan.
- digerakkan, contoh : kendaraan.
b. Benda tak bergerak, contoh tanah, pohon-pohon, bahan hasil tambang, dan lain – lain. Seperti didalam UUD ’45 pasal 33 yaitu : “ Bumi dan air dan kekayaan alam yang terkandung didalamnyadikuasai oleh negara dan dipergunakan untuk sebesar – besar kemakmuran rakyat “



Daftar Pustaka
1. http://id.shvoong.com/travel/2077890-subyek-hukum-dan-obyek-hukum/#ixzz1ohqMQrYu
2. http://id.shvoong.com/travel/2077890-subyek-hukum-dan-obyek-hukum/
3. http://lailly0490.blogspot.com/2010/03/pengertian-hukum-dan-hukum-ekonomi.html